Objective To explore the effects of progressive core strength training of the lumbar and dorsal muscles based on the fracture liaison service (FLS) model on young and middle-aged patients after lumbar vertebral fracture surgery. Methods A total of 98 young and middle-aged patients with lumbar vertebral fractures after surgery in Anyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from March 2022 to January 2024 were selected and were divided into the control group and the observation group by random number table method, with 49 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional suspension exercise training combined with conventional rehabilitation, while the observation group was given progressive core strength training of the lumbar and dorsal muscles based on the FLS model. After 2 months of intervention, the levels of pain mediators[substance P (SP), β -endorphin (β-EP), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)], pressure injuries, lumbar spine function [Lumbar Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)], and quality of life [36- Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)] of the two groups of patients were compared. Results After the intervention, SP and PGE2 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, but β-EP was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The total incidence of pressure injury in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The ODI score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The score of SF-36 in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of progressive core muscle strength training for lumbar and dorsal muscles under the FLS model in young and middle-aged patients after lumbar fracture surgery can relieve patients’ pain, reduce the incidence of pressure injury, improve lumbar spine function, and enhance the quality of life.