Objective The study explores the impact of scenario-based simulation teaching using a clinical case knowledge base, conducted under the guidance of specialized training physicians, on the clinical teaching quality of anesthesia resident trainees. Methods 83 anesthesia resident physicians who received standardized training in Sixth People ’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from February 2020 to February 2023 were selected retrospectively and divided into two groups according to their teaching methods, namely, the control group (40 anesthesia resident physicians who received the traditional teaching mode from February 2020 to January 2021) and the observation group (43 anesthesia resident physicians who received scenario-based simulation teaching mode using a clinical case knowledge base under the guidance of specialized training physicians from February 2021to February 2023) . The scores of Clinical Flow Examination (CFE), Chinese version of Self-Assessment of Clinical Reasoning and Reflection (SACRR) and Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Self-Assessment Tool (IPCC- SAT) were compared between the two groups. Results Three years after training, the CFE scale, SACRR and IPCC- SAT scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Scenario- based simulation teaching using a clinical case knowledge base under the guidance of specialized training physicians can signi?cantly improve the standardized training quality of anesthesia resident physicians, and cultivate their critical thinking and interdisciplinary cooperation ability.