Objective To analyze the immune effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in children aged 1–6 years in Hebi City, and to provide evidence for establishing a population-wide hepatitis B immune barrier and achieving the goal of hepatitis B elimination. Methods Using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method, serum samples of children from 1-6 years old in Hebi City were collected to test hepatitis B serological markers (HBV five-item panel). An epidemiological survey was conducted, and SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze post-vaccination anti-HBs levels. Results A total of 1,050 children were sampled. Anti-HBs positivity was observed in 916 cases (87.24%). The male-to- female ratio was 0.93 ∶ 1, with anti-HBs positivity rates of 86.36% (437/506) in males and 88.05% (479/544) in females, showing no statistically significant difference (χ2=0.671, P>0.05). The highest anti-HBs positivity rate (90.26%) was observed in the group of 1-2 years old, while the lowest rate (82.34%) was in the group of 5-6 years old, with significant differences across age groups (χ2=12.867, P<0.001). The proportion of high-level anti-HBs responses was highest in the group of 1-2 years old (56.45%), gradually decreasing with age. Longer intervals between the last vaccination and sampling correlated with reduced proportions of high-level anti-HBs responses, showing significant statistical differences (χ2=76.990, P<0.001). Urban areas exhibited higher anti-HBs positivity rates (91.90%) compared to rural areas (84.13%), with a significant urban-rural disparity (χ2=13.693, P<0.001). Conclusion In Hebi City, both anti-HBs positivity rates and the proportion of high-level antibody responses decline with age among children aged 1-6 years. We recommend implementing booster vaccination for high-risk children with low responses or non-responses, establishing a monitoring and follow-up system for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody levels, and strengthening immunization strategies to consolidate immune effectiveness.